Additional material for the Roman Imperial Portraits Database (RIPD)
Figure 1. Total number of Roman imperial portraits, per emperor.
Figure 1: Total number of Roman imperial portraits, per emperor (N=2135), excluding imperial portraits of unknown emperors. © S. Heijnen, Download here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534518.
Figure 2. Number of imperial portraits per year of reign.
Figure 2: Number of imperial portraits (average), per year of reign (N=1625), excluding emperors that ruled less than a year and imperial portraits that circulated prior to the emperor's accession. © S. Heijnen, Download here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6563952.
Figure 3. Map of the Mediterranean with find spots of imperial portraits.
Figure 3: Map of the Mediterranean region, showing the find spots of imperial portraits. © T. Hermsen & S. Heijnen, Download here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6563964.
Figure 4. Modes of representation of the Roman emperor in the Julio-Claudian – Constantinian period.
Figure 4: Modes of representation of the Roman emperor, Julio-Claudian – Constantinian period (N=515), excluding statue bodies that were found
without their original portrait, in: S. Heijnen, Portraying Change. The Representation of Roman Emperors in Freestanding Sculpture (ca. 50 BC - ca. 400 AD), 2021, p. 109.
Table 1: Number of extant imperial portraits and bases. Bases by Højte (2005), Petruccioli (2012), Spranger (2014), and LSA.
| Emperor | Portraits | Bases |
|---|---|---|
| Augustus | 217 | 203 |
| Tiberius | 141 | 153 |
| Caligula | 37 | 28 |
| Claudius | 92 | 154 |
| Nero | 43 | 59 |
| Otho | 4 | 1 |
| Galba | 6 | 2 |
| Vitellius | 3 | 1 |
| Vespasian | 47 | 83 |
| Titus | 46 | 66 |
| Domitian | 45 | 65 |
| Nerva | 23 | 49 |
| Trajan | 142 | 205 |
| Hadrian | 178 | 418 |
| Antoninus Pius | 108 | 291 |
| Marcus Aurelius | 185 | 260 |
| Lucius Verus | 113 | 139 |
| Commodus | 89 | 111 |
| Pertinax | 6 | |
| Didius Julianus | 3 | |
| Clodius Albinus | 10 | |
| Septimius Severus | 132 | |
| Caracalla | 131 | 298 |
| Geta | 21 | 72 |
| Macrinus | 4 | |
| Diadumenian | 6 | |
| Elagabalus | 13 | |
| Severus Alexander | 32 | 72 |
| Maximinus Thrax | 6 | 13 |
| Pupienus | 6 | 0 |
| Balbinus | 4 | 1 |
| Gordian I | 2 | 3 |
| Gordian III | 33 | 84 |
| Philip the Arab | 5 | 22 |
| Philip II | 3 | 15 |
| Trajan Decius | 3 | 16 |
| Trebonianus Gallus | 3 | 8 |
| Valerian | 2 | 17 |
| Gallienus | 26 | 46 |
| Claudius Gothicus | 3 | 26 |
| Aurelian | 2 | 34 |
| Probus | 2 | 20 |
| Carinus | 1 | 13 |
| Tetrarchs | 69 | 221 |
| Maxentius | 8 | 10 |
| Constantine | 26 | 110 |
| Sons of Constantine | 17 | 92 |
| Licinius I | 6 | 20 |
| Licinius II | 2 | 4 |
| Magnentius | 2 | 2 |
| Julian | 5 | 27 |
| Valentinian emperors | 8 | 82 |
| Theodosian emperors | 12 | 47 |
| Leo I | 1 | 1 |
| Justinian | 1 | 4 |
Table 2: Number of extant recarved imperial portraits.
| Emperor | Original | Sum |
|---|---|---|
| Augustus | Caligula | 14 |
| Nero | 6 | |
| Domitian | 1 | |
| Julio-Claudian prince | 2 | |
| Hellenistic king | 5 | |
| Hercules | 1 | |
| Total | 29 | |
| Tiberius | Caligula | 17 |
| Claudius | Caligula | 23 |
| Nero | 1 | |
| Julio-Claudian prince | 1 | |
| Total | 25 | |
| Nero | Julio-Claudian prince | 2 |
| Vespasian | Nero | 20 |
| Vitellius | 3 | |
| Total | 23 | |
| Titus | Caligula | 2 |
| Nero | 9 | |
| Domitian | 4 | |
| Total | 15 | |
| Domitian | Caligula | 1 |
| Nero | 21 | |
| Total | 22 | |
| Nerva | Domitian | 14 |
| Trajan | Caligula | 1 |
| Nero | 1 | |
| Domitian | 14 | |
| Total | 16 | |
| Hadrian | Nero | 1 |
| Caracalla | Geta | 1 |
| Severus Alexander | Elagabalus | 5 |
| Gordian III | Severus Alexander | 3 |
| Gallienus | Julio-Claudian emperor | 1 |
| Nero | 1 | |
| Hadrian | 5 | |
| Total | 7 | |
| Claudius Gothicus | Caligula | 1 |
| Diocletian | Hadrian | 1 |
| Tetrarch | Augustus | 2 |
| Julio-Claudian emperor | 1 | |
| Trajan | 3 | |
| Hadrian | 3 | |
| Commodus | 1 | |
| Total | 10 | |
| Maxentius | Augustus | 2 |
| Trajan | 1 | |
| Total | 3 | |
| Constantine | Augustus | 2 |
| Nero | 1 | |
| Domitian | 1 | |
| Trajan | 3 | |
| Hadrian | 1 | |
| Maxentius | 4 | |
| Total | 12 | |
| Son of Constantine | Julio-Claudian emperor | 2 |
| Nero | 1 | |
| Trajan | 1 | |
| Total | 4 | |
| Licinius II | Julio-Claudian emperor | 1 |
| Theodosian emperor | Julio-Claudian emperor | 1 |
| Trajan | 1 | |
| Total | 2 | |
| Unknown late-antique emperor | Domitian | 1 |
Table 3: Number of extant imperial portraits in toga, cuirass, and heroic nudity, in absolute and relative numbers, excluding statue bodies that were found without their original portrait.
| Emperor | Toga | Cuirass | Heroic | Total | Toga % | Cuirass % | Heroic % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Augustus | 24 | 1 | 32 | 57 | 42 | 2 | 56 |
| Tiberius | 11 | 2 | 26 | 39 | 28 | 5 | 67 |
| Caligula | 4 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 27 | 20 | 53 |
| Claudius | 9 | 2 | 14 | 25 | 36 | 8 | 56 |
| Nero | 8 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 73 | 0 | 27 |
| Otho | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Galba | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Vespasian | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 50 | 0 | 50 |
| Titus | 2 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 22 | 56 | 22 |
| Domitian | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 43 | 43 |
| Nerva | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 38 | 50 |
| Trajan | 4 | 10 | 22 | 36 | 11 | 28 | 61 |
| Hadrian | 1 | 39 | 14 | 54 | 2 | 72 | 26 |
| Antoninus Pius | 2 | 28 | 4 | 34 | 6 | 82 | 12 |
| Marcus Aurelius | 3 | 37 | 4 | 44 | 7 | 84 | 9 |
| Lucius Verus | 1 | 15 | 5 | 21 | 5 | 71 | 24 |
| Commodus | 0 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 0 | 60 | 40 |
| Pertinax | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Didius Julianus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Clodius Albinus | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Septimius Severus | 9 | 23 | 2 | 34 | 26 | 68 | 6 |
| Caracalla | 3 | 26 | 8 | 37 | 8 | 70 | 22 |
| Geta | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 50 | 50 | 0 |
| Diadumenian | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Elagabalus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Severus Alexander | 5 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 71 | 0 | 29 |
| Maximinus Thrax | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Pupienus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Balbinus | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 50 | 0 | 50 |
| Gordian III | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 50 | 50 | 0 |
| Philip the Arab | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Trajan Decius | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Trebonianus Gallus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Gallienus | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 75 | 25 |
| Claudius Gothicus | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Tetrarchs | 2 | 14 | 4 | 20 | 10 | 70 | 20 |
| Maxentius | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Constantine | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 25 | 50 | 25 |
| Sons of Constantine | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Licinius I | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Licinius II | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Magnentius | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
| Julian | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 67 | 33 | 0 |
| Valentinian emperors | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Theodosian emperors | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |